A
Abortion
the premature termination of a pregnancy; may be induced or spontaneous (miscarriage)
Acanthosis Nigricans
the appearance of darkened, thickened skin (sometimes described as “velvetlike")
in the armpits, nape of the neck, inner thighs or under the breasts in some
women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Adhesions
bands of scar tissue that can form in the abdomen and pelvis after surgery or
from an infection. Adhesions may connect organs in the pelvis that normally
are separated and may restrict the movement of the ovaries and fallopian tubes,
causing infertility.
Agglutination
clumping together, as of sperm, often due to infection, inflammation, or antibodies
Aging Egg Supply
From birth, a woman has a fixed—though plentiful—supply of eggs
(ovarian reserve). As a woman ages into her mid-30s, her eggs gradually degrade,
making it less likely that she will be able to conceive naturally, or that an
assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedure will result in pregnancy.
Alpha Fetoprotein
substance produced by the fetus that is measured in the mother’s blood
to screen for increased risk for certain problems in the baby such as spina
bifida or Down syndrome.
Amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
Amniocentesis
the aspiration of amniotic fluid from the uterus, usually performed at three
to three and one-half months of pregnancy, to test the fetus for genetic abnormalities
Anabolic Steroids
drugs used by some weightlifters and athletes to increase muscle mass, and which
can significantly impair sperm production. These drugs suppress, or decrease,
the production and release of LH from the pituitary gland. This, in turn, causes
a decrease in production of testosterone in the testes.
Androgens
male sex hormones
Anejaculation
a condition in which no semen is expelled from the penis during sexual arousal
Anovulation
the absence of ovulation
Antibodies
proteins made by the immune system (your body's natural defense system) that
attack and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. Antibodies
attach themselves to the foreign substance, allowing other cells in the immune
system to attack and destroy the substance.
Antisperm Antibodies
antibodies that can attach to sperm and inhibit movement of sperm or fertilization
Artificial Insemination
the placement of sperm into a woman's cervix or vagina when she is ovulating—the
sperm then travel into the uterus and fallopian tubes, where they may fertilize
an egg
Aspiration
suctioning of fluid, as from a follicle
Assisted Hatching
microsurgery to help an embryo release itself from its surrounding shell (zona
pellucida). Such “hatching” helps the embryo implant in the uterus
during an in vitro fertilization cycle. It is sometimes used when the female
partner is 38 years or older, has an elevated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
level, meaning she will have diminished egg production, or has several failed
cycles of in vitro fertilization
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
procedures that remove eggs from a woman's ovaries (or use donor eggs), fertilize
them with sperm in a laboratory, and transfer one or more resulting embryos
to her uterus or fallopian tubes. The most common ART is in vitro fertilization.
Autoimmunity (autoimmune response)
when the body responds to its own tissue as if the tissue was a foreign substance,
creating antibodies against the tissue and triggering reactions that cause normal
cells to be destroyed
Azoospermia
absence of sperm in the ejaculate
B
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
a woman’s resting temperature, usually taken before getting out of bed
in the morning. Female hormones usually cause a woman’s BBT to decrease
slightly just before an egg is released (ovulation) and then increase suddenly
24 hours after ovulation. By carefully measuring and recording BBT every morning
for several months, a woman can estimate when she is most likely to become pregnant
if she has sex. BBT is one of several fertility awareness or natural family
planning methods of birth control.
Beta HCG
A hormone measured to determine if pregnancy has occurred
Billings Method (Cervical Mucus Method)
a method of fertility awareness—the amount, texture, and appearance of
mucus produced by a woman’s cervix changes during her menstrual cycle.
By observing, feeling, and recording the nature of the mucus over several cycles,
a woman may be able to predict when ovulation occurs.
Biological Father
the man whose sperm fertilized the ovum from which a child developed and who
is therefore genetically related to that child
Biological Mother
the woman from whose ovum from which a child developed and who is therefore
genetically related to that child
Biopsy
a sample of tissue taken from an organ or other part of the body. The tissue
is examined for abnormalities, such as cancer, by a pathologist (a doctor trained
to look at tissue samples.
Blastocyst Embryo Transfer
A blastocyst is an embryo that has developed for approximately five days after
fertilization. Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage have a higher chance
of implanting in the woman’s uterus. This technique is used by some fertility
programs as part of the in vitro fertilization process.
Board Certification
To become board certified a doctor must complete training in a specialty area
and pass an examination given by a specialty board.
C
Catheter
a flexible tube used for aspirating or injecting fluids
Cauterize
to destroy tissue with heat, cold, or caustic substances usually to seal off
blood vessels or ducts
Cervical Factor Infertility
Infertility in a woman caused by cervical mucus abnormalities or abnormal structure
of the cervix
Cervix
the lower neck-like portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina
Cervical Mucous
mucous in the cervix, or neck of the uterus
Chlamydia
a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by bacteria. It is one of the most
common STDs in the United States. It often does not cause any symptoms and the
person may not know that he or she is infected. If untreated, chlamydia can
cause pelvic inflammatory disease and may lead to infertility in women.
Chorionic Villus Sampling
genetic screening in which a sample of early fetal cells are taken using a thin
catheter inserted into the uterus either through the vagina or abdominal wall;
usually done at the end of the second month of pregnancy to test the fetus for
genetic abnormalities
Chromosomes
the parts of body cells that carry the genetic material (DNA) or genes—DNA
determines the features a person inherits from his or her parents, such as blood
type, hair and eye, and other characteristics such as risks for developing certain
diseases.
Clomiphene Challenge Test
a test is used to assess egg supply (ovarian reserve), usually in women in their
30s and 40s who are considering using reproductive technology to conceive. Clomiphene
is a fertility medication that stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs.
Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid, Serophene)
a fertility pill that stimulates ovulation through release of gonadotropins
from the pituitary gland
Colposcopy
examination of the cervix through a magnifying telescope to detect abnormal
cells
Conception
fertilization of an embryo by a sperm and implantation of an embryo into the
uterine lining, which is confirmed by a positive pregnancy test
Congenital defect
a birth defect
Conization
surgical removal of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix, usually as a treatment
for a precancerous condition
Contraindication
a reason not to use a particular drug or treatment
Cryopreservation
freezing of embryos, sperm, or oocytes (eggs). Cryopreservation of embryos allows
couples to undergo subsequent IVF cycles without ovulatory stimulating drugs
Cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
Cycle
menstrual or ovulation cycle. Certain medications are given, and some tests
and procedures are done based on the cycle
Cyst
An abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material
Cystic
A term used to describe a cyst or material that forms, contains, or is enclosed
in a cyst
Cystic Fibrosis
a genetic disorder affecting the glands in the body that produce mucus. Normally,
mucus is thin and slippery, but in men with cystic fibrosis, the secretions
are thick and sticky. Because these thick secretions may block the vas deferens,
the tube that carries sperm from the testes, many men with cystic fibrosis are
infertile.
D
Delayed Ejaculation
absence of male ejaculation during intercourse
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
a molecule in the form of a twisted double strand of a combination of amino
acids in the cell’s nucleus that make up the chromosomes, which transmit
hereditary characteristics
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
a medication used to prevent miscarriage taken by up to 6 million women between
1948 and 1971. Daughters born to women who took DES while pregnant have a slightly
higher risk of developing cancer of the cervix or vagina as well as structural
problems in their reproductive organs, which can cause infertility and a higher
risk of preterm labor.
Dilatation and Curettage (D&C)
a procedure that may be done to remove tissue from inside the uterus.
During a D&C, a scraping or suction instrument is passed through the vagina
and cervix into the uterus to remove tissue from the endometrium (lining of
the uterus.
Donor Eggs
eggs that are removed from one woman, fertilized, and then placed in another
woman for the purpose of producing pregnancy
Donor Insemination
artificial insemination with donor sperm
Donor Sperm
sperm from a man who is not a woman’s partner for the purpose of producing
pregnancy
Dyspareunia
a condition in women in which intercourse is uncomfortable or painful due to
a medical or emotional problem
E
Eating Disorders and Infertility
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia may contribute to ovulatory problems by interfering
with the normal activity of luteinizing hormone (LH). In women with eating disorders,
LH does not fluctuate as it should, which may cause irregular or absent periods.
Ectopic Pregnancy
occurs when a fertilized egg attaches somewhere other than in the uterus, most
often in a fallopian tube. An ectopic pregnancy is called a tubal pregnancy
when the fertilized egg is located in a fallopian tube. This situation can be
dangerous because the fallopian tube does not stretch as the fertilized egg
grows. If a tubal pregnancy is not detected and treated early, the tube may
burst.
Egg (ovum)
the female reproductive cell
Egg Donation
Egg donation involves the use of eggs provided by a donor for in vitro fertilization
(IVF) and subsequent transfer of the embryo to a recipient. Egg donors may be
either unknown or known to the recipient. Most egg donors in the United States
are young women who are paid for their services, and donate their eggs anonymously.
Egg Retrieval
Removing the egg from the follicle, as in IVF
Ejaculate
the sperm-containing fluid released at orgasm
Ejaculation
Release of semen from the penis during sexual climax
Ejaculatory ducts
the male ducts that contract with orgasm to cause ejaculation
Electroejaculation
controlled electrical stimulation to induce ejaculation in a man with damage
to the nerves that control ejaculation
Embryo
the developing baby from implantation in the uterus to about 8 weeks after conception
Embryo Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation or freezing offers a way to store embryos for a subsequent
IVF cycle. Couples who have extra embryos available after an IVF procedure need
to decide what to do with them. The extra embryos may be frozen, or cryopreserved,
after fertilization. The embryos can be thawed and transferred into a woman’s
uterus during a future cycle.
Embryo Donation
the donation of remaining cryopreserved embryos to another couple
Embryo Transfer
placing a laboratory-fertilized egg into the uterus
Endocrine Gland
an organ that produces hormones
Endometrial Biopsy
During this procedure, a small sample of the endometrium (lining of the uterus)
is removed for examination under a microscope. This biopsy may provide valuable
information about whether a woman’s menstrual cycle is normal.
Endometriosis
a condition in which cells that look and act like the cells of the lining of
the uterus (endometrium) are found in other parts of a woman’s abdominal
cavity. These cells may attach to the ovaries or fallopian tubes, or to the
outer surface of the uterus, bowels, or other abdominal organs. The condition
can cause scarring and adhesions (binding together) of the pelvic organs, ectopic
or tubal pregnancy, and infertility.
Endometrium
the inner lining of the uterus
Epididymis
a long, tightly coiled tube that lies behind each testicle. The epididymis collects
the sperm made by the testicles.
Epididymitis
an inflammation of the epididymis that may sometimes be caused by bacteria (an
infection) or may have no known cause
Erectile Dysfunction (impotence)
the persistent inability to attain and maintain an erection that is hard enough
to complete sexual intercourse
Estradiol
the principal estrogen produced by the ovary
Estrogens
a hormone that produces female characteristics and helps regulate a woman’s
menstrual cycle
F
Fallopian Sperm Perfusion
the flushing of sperm through a thin flexible tube (catheter) directly into
the fallopian tubes
Fallopian Tubes
2 tubes that lead upward out of the uterus and end near the ovaries. Eggs released
from the ovaries travel through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. Eggs
that are moving from the ovaries to the uterus may be fertilized by sperm in
the fallopian tubes. If the fallopian tubes are blocked, a woman may not be
able to become pregnant.
Female Reproductive System
consists of two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina
Fertile
able to produce offspring
Fertility
ability to conceive and have children
Fertility Awareness
a type of natural family planning based on a woman’s physical signs of
ovulation, such as a sudden, slight rise in body temperature and vaginal discharge
that feels thin and slippery—keeping track of these symptoms may be helpful
if a couple is trying to become pregnant or trying to avoid pregnancy
Fertility Drugs
Medications that stimulate a woman's ovaries to release eggs. These drugs (such
as menotropins and clomiphene) increase the chance that the ovaries will release
more than one egg at a time. They also increase the chance that more than one
egg will become fertilized by sperm.
Fertilization
union of the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (egg)
Fetus
the developing baby from the second month of pregnancy until birth
Fibroids (Uterine)
noncancerous growths in the uterus, which can grow on the inside of the uterus,
within the muscle wall of the uterus, or on the outer surface of the uterus.
Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic and low back pain, and
pain during sex. Occasionally uterine fibroids may be the cause of infertility.
Fimbria
the finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary
that capture the egg and deliver it into the tube
Fimbrioplasty
a procedure to rebuild the fringed ends of the fallopian tube—may be done
when the part of the tube closest to the ovary is partially or totally blocked
Fluoroscopy
an X-ray test that uses a continuous beam of X-rays to follow movement in part
of the body. During the procedure, X-rays are directed continuously at an area
of the body, and the resulting pictures are displayed on a monitor similar to
a TV screen.
Follicle
a small sac (cyst) on the ovary. An egg matures inside of the follicle—when
the egg is mature, the follicle bursts open and releases the egg.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, FSH helps control the menstrual
cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries. In men, FSH helps control the
production of sperm.
Follicular Fluid
fluid surrounding the egg inside the follicle
Follicular Phase
the pre-ovulatory phase of a woman’s cycle during which the follicle grows
and high estrogen levels cause the uterine lining to proliferate
Fructose
produced by the seminal vesicles, the sugar that sperm use for energy
G
Gamete
a reproductive cell; the sperm in men, the egg in women
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
combining eggs and sperm outside of the body and immediately placing them into
the fallopian tubes to achieve fertilization. The procedure involves collecting
eggs from the ovaries, placing them into a thin, flexible tube with the sperm,
and then injecting them into the woman’s fallopian tubes for fertilization.
Gene
the unit of heredity, composed of DNA, and capable of transmitting characteristics
from one generation to the next
Genetic Counseling
guidance given by a health professional (genetic counselor or medical geneticist)
trained to help people understand their risk of having a child with an inherited,
or genetic disease, such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, or hemophilia.
GIFT
see gamete intra fallopian transfer
Gonad
organ that forms reproductive cells—the testes in men, and the ovaries
in women
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
the hormone produced and released by the hypothalamus that controls the pituitary
gland’s production and release of gonadotropins
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Antagonist
interferes with the natural process that causes release of a mature egg—used
to inhibit premature ovulation in women undergoing fertility procedures
Gonadotropins
the hormones produced by the pituitary gland that control reproductive function.
For a woman, gonadotropins may be given to stimulate ovulation in women with
low estrogen levels and for developing multiple egg follicles on the ovaries
for use in assisted reproductive techniques. For a man, gonadotropins may be
used to treat low sperm counts caused by low levels of natural gonadotropins.
Gonorrhea
a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria Neisseria gonococcus bacteria—in
women, untreated gonorrhea can also lead to severe pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID) and infertility.
Gynecologists
medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating diseases of the uterus,
ovaries, cervix, and vagina (female reproductive system). They may also practice
obstetrics or further specialize in reproductive endocrinology.
H
High Risk
having a medical condition such as diabetes or high blood pressure that requires
special care during pregnancy and birth
Hirsutism
the excessive growth of long, coarse hair on the face, chest, lower abdomen,
back, upper arms or upper legs. It is a common symptom of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Home Ovulation Kits
available without a prescription, these kits help a woman identify the most
fertile days during her menstrual cycle. These tests measure the presence of
luteinizing hormones in the urine and provide information about a woman’s
fertility level.
Hormone
a substance released by an organ or tissue that controls the activity of organs
or cells in another part of the body. Examples of hormones include insulin,
testosterone, and estrogen. The organs that release these hormones are called
endocrine glands. Hormones may also be used as medications.
Hormone Therapy
treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones
Hyperandrogenism
excessive production of androgens in women, frequently a cause of hirsutism
and also associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Hyperprolactinemia
excessive prolactin in the blood
Hypogonadism
a deficiency in the production of testosterone, which has a negative impact
on the production of sperm and therefore the sperm count. The condition can
be present at birth due to a congenital defect or it can develop later in life
as the result of a disorder of the testicles or an abnormality affecting the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, which produce hormones that control
the testicles.
Hypospadias
a birth defect in which the urethra is short and does not come out to the end
of the penis. The opening may be located anywhere along the underside of the
shaft of the penis or even in the scrotum. If not surgically corrected, the
condition may interfere with sperm entering the vagina or reaching the cervix
during intercourse.
Hypothalamus
the endocrine gland at the center of the brain that secretes hormones that regulate
the pituitary gland which in turn regulates various bodily functions, including
ovulation in women and sperm production in men
Hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
Hysteroscopy
a procedure that allows a doctor to look at the inside of the uterus. During
the procedure, a lighted viewing instrument (hysteroscope) is inserted through
the vagina and cervix and into the uterus. It is done to examine the lining
of the uterus, to help obtain a biopsy sample, and to guide surgery to remove
growths in the uterus.
Hysterosalpingogram
an X-ray test used to examine the inside of uterus, fallopian tubes, and surrounding
area. It is most often done for women who are unable to become pregnant. The
procedure can reveal problems such as an injury or abnormal structure of the
uterus or fallopian tubes, or blockage that would prevent an egg passing through
a fallopian tube from reaching the uterus. Blockage can also prevent sperm from
entering the fallopian tube.
Hysterosonogram
an ultrasound of the uterus that involves using high frequency sound waves--this
may show uterine scar tissue, polyps or other anomalies that may interfere with
pregnancy.
I
Immune System
the body’s defense against any injury or invasion by a foreign substance
or organism
Immunologic Infertility
infertility caused by antibodies to sperm that can prevent the normal motility
and function of sperm
Immunosuppressive Drug
a drug that interferes with the normal immune response
Implantation
attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine lining, usually occurring five
to seven days after ovulation
Implantation Bleeding
light bleeding or spotting that sometimes occurs when a fertilized egg (embryo)
implants in the uterus
Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
the persistent inability to attain and maintain an erection that is hard enough
to complete sexual intercourse
In Utero
while in the uterus during early development
In Vitro
an artificial environment such as a test tube
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
During in vitro fertilization (IVF), eggs and sperm are brought together in
a laboratory glass dish to allow the sperm to fertilize an egg. Two to four
fertilized eggs are then placed in the uterus using a thin flexible tube that
is inserted through the cervix. The remaining fertilized eggs may be frozen
(cryopreserved) for future IVF attempts. With IVF, a couple can use any combination
of their own eggs and sperm and donor eggs and sperm.
Incompetent Cervix
cervix with the inability to remain closed throughout an entire pregnancy; a
frequent cause of premature birth
Infertility
a couple's inability to become pregnant after 1 year of sex without using birth
control
Inflammation
a response to some type of injury such as infection, characterized by increased
blood flow, heat, redness, swelling, and pain
Insemination
insertion of sperm into the woman’s uterus
Intracervical Insemination (ICI)
artificial insemination of sperm into the cervical canal
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
an assisted reproductive technique used to treat sperm-related infertility problems.
ICSI is used as part of in vitro fertilization (IVF) by injecting a single sperm
into a mature egg. The fertilized egg is then placed in a woman's uterus or
fallopian tube.
Intramuscular Injection
an injection that is given into a muscle
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
the flushing of sperm through a thin flexible tube (catheter) directly into
the uterus when a woman is ovulating
Intravenous (IV)
infusion of fluids, such as glucose or a medication, through a thin tube into
a vein, usually in the arm
J
K
Karyotyping
a process to evaluate and map a person's chromosomal (genetic) makeup. Certain
combinations of the chromosomes that determine a person's sex can cause fertility
problems.
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
a genetic disorder in males who have one or more extra X (sex) chromosomes.
Many affected males have no noticeable physical, emotional, or mental difficulties.
Others may have sparse body hair, underdeveloped muscles, speech delay, emotional
problems, or mild mental retardation. Men with Klinefelter's syndrome usually
have infertility.
L
Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling (Ovarian Diathermy)
a surgical treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in which electrocautery
or laser is used to destroy a portion of the ovaries. In some women with PCOS
who have not responded to weight loss and fertility medication, the procedure
can trigger ovulation.
Laparoscopy
a surgical technique during which a lighted viewing instrument (laparoscope)
is inserted into the lower abdomen through a small cut usually placed below
the navel. Laparoscopy may be used for both diagnosis and treatment. It is often
used to diagnose and treat problems in the female reproductive organs, such
as endometriosis, infertility, or tubal pregnancy.
Laparotomy
During a laparotomy, a cut is made in the lower abdomen, which allows a surgeon
to visually inspect the abdominal cavity. The procedure is commonly used in
the diagnosis and treatment of female pelvic conditions such as endometriosis,
uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and ectopic pregnancy.
Leydig Cells
cells in the testicles that make testosterone when stimulated by luteinizing
hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland
LH surge
the sudden release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes the follicle to release
a mature egg
Luteal Phase
post-ovulatory phase of a woman’s cycle; the corpus luteum produces progesterone,
which in turn causes the uterine lining to secrete substances to support the
implantation and growth of the early embryo
Luteal Phase Defect
inadequate function of the corpus luteum that may prevent a fertilized egg from
implanting in the uterus or may lead to early pregnancy loss
Luteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome
the failure of a follicle to release the egg even though a corpus luteum has
formed
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, which along with other hormones (follicle-stimulating
hormone and estrogen), helps to regulate the menstrual cycle in women and causes
ovulation to occur
M
Male Factor Infertility
infertility caused by semen or sperm abnormalities, including the production
of insufficient numbers of sperm or sperm with aberrant morphological characteristics
Male Reproductive System
consists of the penis, two testicles, two epididymides, two vas deferentia,
two seminal vesicles, and the prostate gland
Meiosis
cell division in reproductive cells that allows transmission of half of the
genetic material from each parent
Menarche
the time when a woman has her first menstrual period
Menopause
marks the end of a woman's menstrual periods and childbearing years, without
using assisted reproductive techniques. At menopause, the ovaries stop producing
eggs, estrogen, and progesterone.
Menstrual Cycle
the regular sequence of changes that the uterus and ovaries go through. In most
women, a menstrual cycle lasts 24 to 35 days, with an average of 28 days.
Menstruation
periodic blood flow as a discharge from the uterus
Micromanipulation
procedures that involve microsurgery on gametes or embryos and that are used
to assist sperm in fertilizing the egg or to assist the embryo in leaving the
zona pellucida that surrounds the embryo
Microsurgery
reconstructive surgery performed under magnification using delicate instruments
and precise techniques
Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion)
the unintended loss of a fetus before the 20th completed week of pregnancy.
Delivery of a dead fetus after the 20th week of pregnancy is known as a stillbirth.
Mucus
secretion from a gland that can be watery, gel-like, stretchy, sticky, or dry;
fertile mucus is watery and stretchy
Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction
a procedure used to reduce the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, usually
to 2 or 3. When a pregnancy involves 3 or more fetuses, the risks of miscarriage,
stillbirth, and child disability increase with each additional fetus.
The goal of the procedure is to increase the chance of a successful, healthy
pregnancy.
N
Needle Aspiration
removing fluid or contents from a body cavity with a long needle
O
Obstetrician-Gynecologist (Ob/Gyn)
a physician who specializes in women’s reproductive health
Oligomenorrhea
infrequent and irregular menstrual cycles
Oligospermia
a low sperm count
Oocyte
female sex cell, also called egg or ovum
Oocyte Cryostorage
freezing of oocytes or eggs for later use
Orchitis
an inflammation or infection of the testicle, which most often occurs in men
who have mumps. Orchitis may be associated with a low sperm count.
Orgasm
climax of sexual excitement, consisting of intense muscle tightening around
the genitals experienced as a pleasurable wave of tingling sensations through
parts of the body
Ovarian Cyst
a fluid-filled sac that forms on the surface of an ovary; most do not cause
symptoms and go away by themselves
Ovarian Follicle
a small sac (cyst) on the ovary. An egg matures inside of the follicle—when
the egg is mature, the follicle bursts open and releases the egg.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Before having an assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedure, a woman uses
medication or hormones to stimulate the production of multiple eggs (superovulation).
In about 5% of ART cycles, superovulation overstimulates the ovaries, a condition
known as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Doctors monitor closely for signs of ovarian hyperstimulation during superovulation.
If severe, hyperstimulation can cause life-threatening fluid buildup around
the heart and lungs and in the abdomen.
Ovarian Resistance (resistant ovary syndrome)
Some women may have this condition during which the ovaries “slow down”
rather than stop functioning, and ovulation may occur from time to time. The
ovaries become resistant to stimulation from Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
and may not respond to treatment with fertility medications.
Ovary
2 small glands located on either side of a woman's uterus. The ovaries store
and release eggs (ova), and produce female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone),
which help control the menstrual cycle, breast development, and other functions.
Ovulation
the release of a mature egg from an ovary during menstruation. Ovulation occurs
about halfway through the menstrual cycle, or about 14 days before the start
of the next menstrual period.
Ovulation Induction
a procedure in which medication is used to stimulate a woman’s ovaries
to produce multiple mature follicles and ova
Ovulatory Dysfunction
a condition in which ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovary, does not
occur regularly or is absent. Anything that interferes with the normal hormonal
regulation of the female menstrual cycle may result in ovulatory dysfunction.
Infrequent ovulation and other ovulation problems may account for up to 30 percent
of female infertility.
P
Patent
open; for example, fallopian tubes should be patent after a sterilization reversal
operation
Pelvic Cavity
the area surrounded by the pelvic bone that contains the uterus, fallopian tubes,
and ovaries in women, and the prostate gland and seminal vesicles in men
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
a term used to describe inflammation or infection of the female pelvic organs
(uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries). It is usually caused by bacterial infections,
such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Women who have PID are more likely to have repeated
pelvic infections. Scarring from pelvic infection is a common cause of chronic
pelvic pain and infertility.
Pelvic Ultrasound
A pelvic ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate the shape and size of the uterus.
The test may also help to evaluate the ovaries, providing some information about
their shape and size, and the presence of developing cysts.
Penis
the male organ used for urination and sexual intercourse
Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration
an aspiration technique in which the sperm is removed from the male reproductive
tract (epididymis)
Pituitary Gland
a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that produces substances (hormones)
that help control many processes of the body, such as growth, some aspects of
pregnancy, breast milk production, sex organ functions in both women and men,
and thyroid gland function.
Placenta
organ attached to the uterus and to the baby by the umbilical cord that nourishes
the fetus during pregnancy
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
a hormonal imbalance that affects a woman's ability to ovulate. In some women,
the ovaries become enlarged and develop fluid-filled sacs (cysts). The condition,
related to a problem with insulin, is a major cause of infertility.
Symptoms and related problems may include irregular menstrual cycles, weight
gain, acne, excess hair growth, and diabetes.
Polyp
a growth or tumor on an internal surface, usually benign
Postcoital Test (PCT)
microscopic examination of a woman’s cervical mucus after sexual intercourse
to determine whether sperm are present and moving. Many doctors no longer use
this test as an abnormal finding only suggests a need for more testing.
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
a procedure in which one or two embryo cells are removed at an early stage,
analyzed for gender and genetic disorders; if the embryo is normal, it is returned
to the uterus for pregnancy
Premature Ejaculation
a condition in which ejaculation occurs before the penis enters a woman’s
vagina
Premature Ovarian Failure (POF)
POF (sometimes called premature menopause) is a loss of ovarian function in
women under 40. The condition may be associated with the absence of menstruation
and the early depletion of ovarian follicles.
Progesterone
the female hormone, produced by the ovaries during ovulation, that helps prepare
the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to receive a fertilized egg. If the egg
does not get fertilized, progesterone levels drop and menstrual bleeding begins.
Prolactin
the pituitary hormone that in high amounts stimulates milk production. Prolactin
may be measured to evaluate a man's lack of sexual desire or his inability to
have an erection.
Prostate Gland
a small walnut-shaped organ that lies just below a man's bladder. The prostate
gland produces most of the fluid in semen.
R
Radiologist
a medical doctor who specializes in performing and interpreting imaging tests.
A radiologist reads X-rays and scans, such as chest X-rays, ultrasounds, or
mammograms, and reports the findings to your doctor.
Reproductive Endocrinologist
gynecologists who specialize in the care and treatment of women and men who
have infertility problems. Women who have difficulty becoming pregnant because
of hormone disturbances might see a reproductive endocrinologist.
Reproductive Surgeon
an ob-gyn or urologist who specializes in the surgical correction of anatomical
disorders that impair reproductive function
Retrograde Ejaculation
occurs when the semen travels “backwards” and enters the bladder
during orgasm instead of emerging through the penis. This happens because the
muscles of the urethra and urinary tract are not functioning properly during
ejaculation. Retrograde ejaculation is most common in men with diabetes.
S
Salpingectomy
removal of part of a fallopian tube—may be done to improve in vitro fertilization
(IVF) success when a tube has developed a buildup of fluid (hydrosalpinx)
Salpingitis
inflammation of one or both fallopian tubes
Salpingostomy
an incision in a fallopian tube, such as to remove an ectopic pregnancy
Salpingotomy
an operation to open a blocked fallopian tube
Scrotum
a sac, which hangs below the base of the penis, and contains the testicles
Selective Reduction (Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction)
a procedure used to reduce the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, usually
to 2 or 3. When a pregnancy involves 3 or more fetuses, the risks of miscarriage,
stillbirth, and child disability increase with each additional fetus.
The goal of the procedure is to increase the chance of a successful, healthy
pregnancy.
Semen
the thick, white fluid containing sperm that is released (ejaculated) from the
penis during a man's sexual climax (orgasm)
Semen Analysis
measures the amount of semen and determines the number and quality of sperm.
A problem with the semen or sperm affects more than one-third of couples who
are being evaluated and treated for infertility. Semen analysis is the most
commonly performed test used to evaluate infertility in a man.
Semen Cryostorage
freezing of sperm prior to procedures, such as chemotherapy or radiation, which
may render the male temporarily or permanently sterile or in preparation for
procedures such as IVF
Semen Fructose Level
a measure of the amount of a sugar, called fructose, in the semen. Fructose
provides energy for the sperm and, if absent, may indicate that the man was
born without seminal vesicles or has blockage of the seminal vesicles.
Semen pH
a measure of how acid (low pH) or alkaline (high pH) the semen is. A pH that
is abnormally high or low can kill sperm or affect their ability to move or
to penetrate an egg.
Semen Volume
a measure of how much semen is present in one ejaculation. An abnormally low
or high semen volume may sometimes cause fertility problems.
Seminal Vesicles
two sac-like structures that produce part of the thick fluid (semen) that contains
sperm. They are located just above the prostate gland.
Seminiferous Tubules
in the testicles, the network of tubes where sperm are formed
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
diseases (STDs) spread by sexual contact. They can also be spread from a pregnant
woman to her fetus before or during delivery. STDs may be a cause of infertility.
Sperm
male germ cells (called gametes or reproductive cells) produced by the testicles
and capable of fertilizing the female partner’s eggs. Cells resemble tadpoles.
Also referred to as spermatozoa
Sperm Antibody Test
a test to evaluate whether impairment of a man’s sperm is caused by antibodies.
Semen can cause an immune response in either the man's or woman's body, and
the resulting antibodies can disable or kill sperm. Many doctors no longer use
this test.
Sperm Bank
a place where sperm are kept frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use in artificial
insemination
Sperm Concentration
a procedure performed for men who have low sperm counts or small numbers of
normally active sperm. The sperm is collected, washed, and concentrated so that
there are more active, healthy sperm available to use for artificial or intrauterine
insemination.
Sperm Count
a count of the number of sperm present in each milliliter of semen in one ejaculation.
A milliliter is a measure of volume equal to one-thousandth of a liter. A liter
is slightly larger than a quart.
Sperm Morphology
a measure of the percentage of sperm that have a normal shape. A high percentage
of abnormal sperm may impair a man's fertility.
Sperm Motility
a measure of the percentage of sperm that can move forward normally. Sperm must
be able to move forward through a woman’s cervical mucus to reach an egg.
A high percentage of sperm that cannot swim properly may impair a man's fertility.
Sperm Mucus Penetration Test
a test to evaluate whether a man's sperm can travel through cervical mucus.
Samples of a woman’s cervical mucus are obtained during ovulation. In
a laboratory, semen from the man is added to the mucus in a tube. After 90 minutes,
the distance the sperm have traveled is measured.
Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA)
a test to evaluate whether a man's sperm can penetrate an egg. Sperm are collected
and mixed with hamster eggs that have had the outer membranes removed. The number
of sperm penetrations per egg is measured.
Sperm Washing
a procedure used to remove components other than sperm from a semen sample prior
to being used for intrauterine insemination
Sterility
inability of male or female partner to reproduce due to the absence of normally
functioning sperm, eggs, or embryos, or due to the uterus being incapable of
sustaining pregnancy
Sterilization
a surgical procedure (such as tubal ligation or vasectomy) designed to produce
infertility
Sterilization Reversal
a surgical procedure to undo a previous sterilization operation and restore
fertility
Subcutaneous Injection
an injection that is given just under the skin
Superovulation
the production of many mature eggs in one menstrual cycle, usually triggered
by a medication that stimulates the ovaries, such as clomiphene, follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH), and gonadotropins. While superovulation increases the likelihood
of conception, it also increases the risk of multiple pregnancies.
Surrogacy
When a woman is not able to carry a pregnancy but the couple would like to parent
their biological child, the couple can use the services of a surrogate—a
woman who carries a child for someone else.
Surrogacy—Gestational
Gestational surrogacy is when the couple who want to be parents create an embryo
through in vitro fertilization (IVF), and the resulting embryo is transferred
to another woman (the surrogate) for gestation. In this situation, the surrogate
mother is not genetically related to the child and carries the fetus to term
in the role of "host" uterus.
Surrogacy—Traditional
Traditional surrogacy involves insemination using the sperm of the intended
father and the surrogate mother’s eggs. Since the eggs of the surrogate
mother are used, she will be the genetic mother of the resulting child.
T
Testicles (testes)
a pair of oval organs in men that produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone.
They are located in the scrotum, the sac that hangs below the base of the penis.
Testicular
relating to the testicle (testis)
Testicular Biopsy
a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from one or both testicles
and examined under a microscope to help determine the cause of male infertility.
Testosterone
the male hormone, produced in large amounts by the testicles that affects sexual
features and development. Testosterone causes the sex organs to mature, sperm
to be produced, and sexual features to develop. A low amount of testosterone
can lead to low sperm counts and decrease a man’s sex drive.
Thyroid Gland
the endocrine gland in the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones,
which regulate the body’s metabolism
Total Effective Sperm Count
an estimate of the number of sperm in an ejaculate capable of fertilization,
including the total sperm count, the motility percentage, the forward progressive
motility percentage, and the normal morphology percentage
Transrectal Ultrasonography (TRUS)
Used to evaluate infertility caused by a blockage of the ejaculatory ducts or
absence of seminal vesicles or vas deferens. During this procedure, a lubricated
probe inserted in the rectum directs sound waves at the reproductive tract.
The echo patterns of the sound waves form an image on a computer display screen.
Tubal Ligation ("having your tubes tied")
a type of surgery for women that permanently prevents fertilization and pregnancy
by blocking the sperms' path to the egg. During a tubal ligation, the fallopian
tubes are cut and the ends clamped closed or tied off.
Tuboplasty
plastic or reconstructive surgery on the fallopian tubes to correct abnormalities
that cause infertility
Tumor
an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant (cancerous)
Turner's Syndrome (gonadal dysgenesis or monosomy X)
a condition caused by the absence of one (or part of one) of the two X (sex)
chromosomes. The syndrome affects only females and results in ovaries that fail
to function, causing an absence of ovarian hormones.
U
Ultrasound
a test that uses reflected sound waves to produce an image of organs and other
structures in the body
Undescended Testicle (cryptorchidism)
occurs when one or both testicles fail to descend, or drop from the abdomen
into the scrotum during fetal life. If not corrected, the condition can interfere
with sperm production due to exposure of the testicles to the higher degree
of internal body heat. The normal production of sperm requires the cooler temperature
found in the scrotum.
Unexplained Infertility
infertility in which no cause has been identified after a medical evaluation
Urethra
a narrow, tube like structure through which urine passes on its way from the
bladder to the outside of the body in both sexes. In males, it is also a passageway
for sperm
Urologist
a physician who specializes in disorders of the male and female urinary system
and male reproductive system
Uterine Embryo Transfer
part of the IVF process when the embryos are placed through the woman’s
cervix into the uterus
Uterine Fibroids
noncancerous growths in the uterus, which can grow on the inside of the uterus,
within the muscle wall of the uterus, or on the outer surface of the uterus.
Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic and low back pain, and
pain during sex. Occasionally uterine fibroids may be the cause of infertility.
Uterus
a hollow pear-shaped organ in a woman's lower abdomen. During pregnancy, the
fetus grows inside the uterus. When a woman is not pregnant, her monthly menstrual
period flows from the uterus.
V
Vagina
the part of a woman’s reproductive tract that extends from the uterus
to outside the body. During sexual intercourse, sperm are ejaculated into the
vagina and travel through the cervical canal and uterus to the fallopian tubes,
where fertilization can occur.
Vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
Vanishing Twin Syndrome
In nearly 1 in 4 of known twin pregnancies, one fetus disappears during the
first trimester (first 12 weeks of the pregnancy. This is called vanishing twin
syndrome. The syndrome may be caused by too little of the hormone that supports
pregnancy (human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG).
Varicocele
an enlarged, twisted vein (varicose vein) in the scrotum, which feels like a
“bag of worms” and may occasionally cause discomfort. A varicocele
can cause an abnormally low sperm count and interfere with a man's fertility.
A varicocele may be surgically removed.
Varicocele Repair (Varicocelectomy)
A procedure that is done to improve the fertility of men who have both a varicocele
and impaired sperm.
Vas Deferens
a narrow, muscular tube that connects the testicles to the prostate gland. During
ejaculation, a man’s sperm flows out of the testicles, through the vas
deferens, and into the urethra that leads outside the body through the penis.
Vasectomy
a surgical procedure to make a man permanently unable to father a child (sterile).
During a vasectomy, the vas deferens, or tube, that carries sperm from the testicles
to the urethra is cut and tied off. This prevents sperm from being released
during ejaculation.
Vasectomy Reversal (Vasovasostomy)
a surgical procedure to reconnect the tubes (vas deferens) that were cut during
a vasectomy. The procedure is performed when a man has had a vasectomy, and
now wants to be fertile.
W
X
Y
Z
Zona Pellucida
the protective coating surrounding the egg
Zygote
an egg that has been fertilized but not yet divided
Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
in vitro fertilization with a transfer of the zygote into the fallopian tube;
ZIFT combines IVF and GIFT. Eggs and sperm are mixed outside of the body. The
fertilized eggs (zygotes) are then returned to the fallopian tubes, through
which they travel to the uterus.
